{"id":26859,"date":"2015-12-03T00:00:30","date_gmt":"2015-12-03T08:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dvan.org\/?p=26859"},"modified":"2018-10-14T21:57:53","modified_gmt":"2018-10-15T04:57:53","slug":"tuan-hoang-reviews-a-history-of-the-vietnamese-and-sources-of-vietnamese-tradition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dvan.org\/2015\/12\/tuan-hoang-reviews-a-history-of-the-vietnamese-and-sources-of-vietnamese-tradition\/","title":{"rendered":"Reviews of A History of the Vietnamese & Sources of Vietnamese Tradition"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tuan Hoang reviews K.W. Taylor, <\/em>A History of the Vietnamese (Cambridge University Press, 2013); and George E. Dutton, Jayne S. Werner, and John K. Whitmore, eds., <\/em>Sources of Vietnamese Tradition (Columbia University Press, 2012)<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"kw
\n<\/a><\/p>\n

Keith Taylor\u2019s monumental The Birth of Vietnam <\/em>came out in 1983. \u00a0Richly sourced and painstakingly detailed, it remains an informative work for specialists of Vietnamese history. Since then, Taylor helped to train a new generation of historians of Vietnam at Cornell University, edited several volumes, and published a few articles, including a conceptually significant one in the Journal of Asian Studies<\/em>.\u00a0 Still, it was an article rather than a book. Well, the answer to \u201cwhat is Keith Taylor up to?\u201d is found in the publication of A History of the Vietnamese<\/em>.\u00a0 To say the new tome is well worth the wait is barely an exaggeration.\u00a0 For one, the time in between books allowed the author to engage more recent research and rethink some crucial issues.\u00a0 For another, the book is a comprehensive history rather than a monograph \u2013 and general histories may look deceptively easier to write but are in fact a lot harder to do well.<\/p>\n

Published by a prestigious academic press and at over 600 pages of text alone, this history is not only well done but also hefty in more than one meaning.\u00a0 Yet it is appropriately geared towards the educated but non-specialized audience: the intended readers of this review.\u00a0 The book has neither endnotes nor jargon, and shows instead clear prose, sharp organization, and a number of helpful maps, tables, and charts. \u00a0Its emphasis on politics and elites may have somewhat limited the scope, and it is not a big stretch to call the book A Political History of the Vietnamese<\/em>.\u00a0 Still, the emphasis offers thematic unity and makes the narrative less taxing to follow.\u00a0 The content is organized in thirteen chapters, and the first chapter is devoted to the first millennium. \u00a0The next eight focus variously on the major dynasties \u2013 the L\u00fd, Tr\u1ea7n, L\u00ea, and Nguy\u1ec5n \u2013 plus growing regionalization, contacts with other Asians and Westerners, and lengthy warfare among the Vietnamese.\u00a0 The last four chapters cover the arrival and rule of French colonialism, warfare since 1945, and the postwar era.\u00a0 Taylor ends with a short Retrospective, which opens by concluding ironically that \u201cno conclusion can be drawn in the sense of discovering some deep logic governing a presumed destiny of the Vietnamese people\u201d (p. 620).<\/p>\n

Given the size and many unfamiliar names of persons and places, it is tempting for readers interested in the twentieth century to pick up this book and go straight to the last two or three chapters.\u00a0 The temptation is understandable.\u00a0 Nonetheless, this reviewer recommends that they begin with the seven-page Retrospective and the first chapter before roaming the rest of the book at their pleasure. \u00a0At the least, they will be introduced to three major themes in the retrospective section, plus an elaboration of the first theme in the first chapter, possibly the most important chapter of the book.\u00a0 (Of course, it is best if they can read all remaining chapters in chronological order.)<\/p>\n

\"Donate<\/a><\/p>\n

From the first chapter, specialists may note that Taylor has modified some positions in The Birth of Vietnam<\/em>. For the casual readers, this chapter establishes the intertwined and intimate relationship between China and provincial Vietnam.\u00a0 It challenges and demolishes long-standing assumptions about Vietnamese history, especially the notion that there had been a separate Vietnamese identity early on.\u00a0 It barely names, for instance, the Tr\u01b0ng Sisters and Lady Tri\u1ec7u: a sharp contrast to Vietnamese nationalist histories that elevated and celebrated them as anti-foreign and proto-nationalist heroines.\u00a0 Having grounded his argument in an abundance of details and developments, Taylor offers the following conclusion:<\/p>\n

Every aspect of Vietnamese culture is deeply imprinted by contact with China. To assume that these aspects have been either imposed by imperial oppressors or freely borrowed by indigenous people requires a clear demarcation between what is called Chinese and what is called Vietnamese.\u00a0 Such a demarcation did not exist during the [first millennium]. In the tenth century, the people of what is now northern Vietnam were an amalgam of settlers from the north and indigenous peoples; for centuries they had lived together, intermarried, developed bilingual habits of speech, and formed a regional perspective on imperial civilization (p. 50).<\/p>\n

Two other themes emerge after the first chapter, and one has to do with Vietnamese relations with non-Sinitic peoples.\u00a0 Having interacted with the upland minorities and the Chams for centuries, the Vietnamese came into contact with the Khmers, the Siamese, and Europeans by the seventeenth century.\u00a0 These relationships followed different dynamics and turned complicated in different ways.\u00a0 But they were different from the relationship with China: a factor that ironically reinforced the tendency to imitate the Chinese model, at least among northerners.\u00a0 Which leads to the other theme:\u00a0 regionalization and divergence between the north and the south.\u00a0 Proximity and interaction to China consolidated the regional identity of many elite Vietnamese.\u00a0 But as some moved southward \u2013 an episodic and unpredictable process \u2013 a new regional identity developed alongside inter-regional conflict.\u00a0 Not only did the Vietnamese fight other Asian peoples (and, later, Westerners), they also disagreed and fought among themselves.\u00a0 In Taylor\u2019s interpretation, it is not too far to say that conflict and infighting characterize Vietnamese history, especially during the early modern era and of course in the post-colonial period.\u00a0 It is not an accident that the longest chapters concern the Tr\u1ecbnh-Nguy\u1ec5n conflict in the seventeenth century and the Vietnam War in the twentieth. \u00a0By tracing regional division and intra-Vietnamese conflict into the far past, the book sheds light on the ferocity of the twentieth century.<\/p>\n

A History of the Vietnamese <\/em>is long but not boring, and should delight especially fans of political history.\u00a0 It offers, among other goodies, a number of vignettes about Vietnamese political figures that ranged from the respected to the bizarre.\u00a0 There is, for instance, the neo-Confucianist Le Tu Thanh, better known in Vietnam as King L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4n, who walked a fine line in treating his morally suspect former teacher.\u00a0 Taylor notes succinctly that this teacher\u2019s \u201cdismal career introduces three large aspects of Le Tu Thanh\u2019s reign: the importance of education, an intense relationship between the king and his officials, and an unprecedented renovation in the structure of government\u201d (p. 206).\u00a0 On the opposite end of the spectrum is the last ruler of the Early Le: \u00a0Le Dinh in the book and L\u00ea Ng\u1ecda Tri\u1ec1u in common usage in Vietnam.\u00a0 His excesses included perpetual intoxication, roasting and drowning prisoners, and humiliating court officials by feeding them felines and lizards:\u00a0 a prototype of sorts to Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong-un?\u00a0 Taylor\u2019s judgment on this cruel ruler is as insightful as it is swift: \u201cThe speed with which he dissipated his youthful vigor may indicate that the stereotype of a dynasty\u2019s last bad king may in this case not entirely amiss\u201d (p. 58). \u00a0These examples illustrate Vietnamese continuous engagement with the Sinic civilization well after the first millennium: views on education and dynastic change, respectively. \u00a0There are many similar examples that help to ease the wheel of narrative about changes and developments among this most fascinating people.<\/p>\n

* * *<\/p>\n

A History of the Vietnamese <\/em>emphasizes political, military, and diplomatic history; it is necessarily weaker on other kinds of history, especially in the first ten chapters. For sure, there are portions about economy such as the growing monetized market under the rule of Nguyen Phuc Khoat, the \u201cfirst southern king.\u201d \u00a0There are segments about society in the likes of peasant unrest during the fourteenth century, or about literary culture such as the life of the poet H\u1ed3 Xu\u00e2n H\u01b0\u01a1ng and the epic The Tale of Kieu<\/em> by the mandarin Nguy\u1ec5n Du in the early nineteenth century.\u00a0 By and large, however, elites and rulers rule the narrative. \u00a0Even most other historical aspects are interpreted in relation to ruling parties and elite figures.<\/p>\n

\"sources<\/a><\/p>\n

This is not a complaint as much as an affirmation that the writing of Vietnamese history remains a fallow field.\u00a0 In the meantime, we should be grateful for Sources of Vietnamese Tradition<\/em>, a compilation of primary sources for the Introduction to Asian Civilizations series from Columbia University Press, edited by George E. Dutton, Jayne S. Werner, and John K. Whitmore. \u00a0Because of its genre, this book may not draw as much interest from the casual readers as Keith Taylor\u2019s book.\u00a0 Nonetheless, it is accessible enough to have on one\u2019s bookshelves for consultation and occasional browsing.<\/p>\n

In some ways, Sources <\/em>is a most appropriate companion to A History<\/em>. Like Taylor, the editors opt for an emphasis on elite culture.\u00a0 There is a great deal about politics and political thought at the expense of literature.\u00a0 Sinic influence is underscored by a small but healthy opening chapter on the \u201cperiod of northern empire,\u201d which is equivalent to Taylor\u2019s first chapter on the \u201cprovincial era.\u201d \u00a0Subsequent chapters mirror well the remaining organization of Taylor\u2019s book.\u00a0 As seen below, the two books could be read in conjunction with one another. \u00a0Each chapter is further divided into convenient categories such as \u201cGovernance\u201d and \u201cPhilosophy and Religion.\u201d\u00a0 The anthology contains footnotes, but the editors make a good effort at minimizing them.\u00a0 Following common practice, each selection begins with a brief explanation on background or context.\u00a0 The lack of subtitles in both books suggests a desire for authoritativeness.\u00a0 Both avoid diacritic marks in the spelling of Vietnamese names and make it somewhat easier for non-Vietnamese readers to follow names and text alike.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 A History of the Vietnamese \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Sources of Vietnamese Tradition<\/em><\/p>\n

First millennium\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Chapter 1 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Chapter 1<\/p>\n

The L\u00fd and Tr\u1ea7n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Chapters 2-3 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Chapter 2<\/p>\n

The L\u00ea and M\u1ea1c \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Chapters 4-5 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Chapter 3<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ecbnh-Nguy\u1ec5n division \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Chapters 6-8 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Chapter 4<\/p>\n

The Nguy\u1ec5n \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Chapter 9 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Chapter 5<\/p>\n

Colonialism \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Chapters 10-11 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Chapter 6<\/p>\n

Independence \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Chapters 12-13 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Chapter 7<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Anthology editing is a thankless job, and it is rare that first editions such as this one are received without substantial quarrel or criticism from specialists and translators.[1]<\/a> \u00a0Nonetheless, one should recognize and laud the efforts to select from previous translations and<\/em> to translate into English many new selections.\u00a0 These translations provide elucidation, confirmation, and even complications to Taylor\u2019s narrative.\u00a0 Having read about H\u1ed3 Xu\u00e2n H\u01b0\u01a1ng and Nguy\u1ec5n Du in A History<\/em>, for example, one can read samplings of their works in Sources<\/em>. \u00a0Conversely, one may note that Sources <\/em>are more attentive to the cult of the Tr\u01b0ng Sisters than A History<\/em> because there are three selections about them.<\/p>\n

Moreover, at least some of the selections demonstrate an attempt to stretch categorical boundaries within the confines of mostly elite sources.\u00a0 There is, for instance, a nugget about a L\u00fd conquerer who ordered the transcription of Cham music \u201cso that the Vietnamese musicians could perform it\u201d (p. 83).\u00a0 Or, there is a delightful anecdote of a late L\u00ea court seeking assistance from Buddhist monks to pray for rain amidst a drought, after which it \u201creleased twenty-four suspected and difficult prisoners\u201d (p. 106).\u00a0 Or, there is a longer selection, translated by one of the editors and concerning the training of physicians from L\u00ea H\u1eefu Tr\u00e1c, that includes the following instruction: \u201cWhen families ask you to examine ill members… you must not consider their wealth or status or their poverty or humble rank\u201d (p. 232). \u00a0Behind these selections lie a usable past that awaits discovery by the educated if casual readers.\u00a0 They should not be intimidated or turned off by the book\u2019s academic imprints or contents of primary sources.\u00a0 Like Keith Taylor\u2019s narrative history, Sources of Vietnamese Tradition<\/em> is accessible for reading in all seasons, including summertime: if not at the beach then certainly in the backyard.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> See, for instance, David Marr\u2019s review in The Journal of Vietnamese Studies <\/em>9:3 (Summer 2014): 131-134.<\/p>\n

A History of the Vietnamese\u00a0<\/em>can be bought here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Sources of Vietnamese Tradition\u00a0<\/em>can be bought here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

–<\/p>\n

Tuan Hoang<\/strong> is a visiting assistant professor at Pepperdine University, and teaches in the Great Books and history programs.\u00a0 His interests include twentieth-century Vietnamese history and the history of Vietnamese refugees and immigrants in the U.S.<\/p>\n

\n

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Tuan Hoang reviews K.W. Taylor, A History of the Vietnamese (Cambridge University Press, 2013); and George E. Dutton, Jayne S. Werner, and John K. Whitmore, eds., Sources of Vietnamese Tradition (Columbia University Press, 2012)   Keith Taylor\u2019s monumental The Birth of Vietnam came out in 1983. \u00a0Richly sourced and painstakingly detailed, it remains an informative […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":88903,"featured_media":26930,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_vp_format_video_url":"","_vp_image_focal_point":[]},"categories":[98],"tags":[596,1636,1637],"yoast_head":"\nReviews of A History of the Vietnamese & Sources of Vietnamese Tradition - DVAN<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tuan Hoang reviews A History of the Vietnamese (2013); and Sources of Vietnamese Tradition (2012).\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dvan.org\/2015\/12\/tuan-hoang-reviews-a-history-of-the-vietnamese-and-sources-of-vietnamese-tradition\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Reviews of A History of the Vietnamese & Sources of Vietnamese Tradition - DVAN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Tuan Hoang reviews A History of the Vietnamese (2013); 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