{"id":54476,"date":"2023-06-18T17:15:28","date_gmt":"2023-06-19T00:15:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dvan.org\/?p=54476"},"modified":"2023-09-18T17:15:50","modified_gmt":"2023-09-19T00:15:50","slug":"bao-ninh-on-coming-to-terms-with-trauma-in-vietnam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dvan.org\/2023\/06\/bao-ninh-on-coming-to-terms-with-trauma-in-vietnam\/","title":{"rendered":"Bao Ninh on coming to terms with trauma in Vietnam"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

By Nick Hilden<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bao Ninh found international renown in 1991 with the release of his novel \u201cThe Sorrow of War<\/a>.\u201d The book was banned in his native country for 15 years due to its critical, often brutal depictions of the Vietnam War \u2014 known in that country as the American War in Vietnam. Ninh served in the North Vietnamese Army during the peak of the war. \u201cThe Sorrow of War\u201d was his only work published in English for more than 30 years; until the short story collection \u201cHanoi at Midnight<\/a>,\u201d issued earlier this year by Texas Tech University Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHanoi at Midnight\u201d is a reflective examination of the war and its impact on those it ensnared. Containing 10 stories written over the past 40 years, the book explores a Vietnam environmentally, materially and psychologically decimated by conflict and its wake. The implied question throughout: How does one go on after enduring the horrendous? It\u2019s a matter that extends beyond war, and that can be appreciated by anyone who has suffered trauma or profound loss.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Typically avoidant of the spotlight, Ninh agreed to this interview over email. His responses, which \u201cHanoi at Midnight\u201d editorsQuan Manh Ha and Cab Tran translated from Vietnamese, have been edited for length and clarity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In \u201cSorrow of War,\u201d you wrote of the need to fulfill your duty as a writer. What is that duty?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In high school, then during my years in the military (1969 to 1976), I never considered becoming a writer. After the war ended, in1975, I spent a year collecting and burying dead bodies of fallen soldiers in the south. Besides the dead bodies of [NorthVietnamese Army] soldiers, my team also buried the bodies of [South Vietnamese] soldiers and civilians. My assignment lasted only a year, but it gave me a sense of the war\u2019s magnitude, the devastation it left behind, which seemed to me far more inhumane than my six years in the battlefield as a soldier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I was discharged in 1976, and from 1979 to 1986 I worked hard to feed myself and my family. My father was a professor of Vietnamese linguistics. In 1986, I took his advice and applied to the Nguyen Du School of Creative Writing and studied with two forward-thinking authors, Nguyen Ngoc and Hoang Ngoc Hien. I started writing in 1987, at the age of 35, at a time when Vietnam was no longer at war. The French left in 1954, then the Americans in 1975. We also shouldn\u2019t forget the border war with China between 1979 and 1990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I realized that if I hadn\u2019t fought in the war and had never been a soldier, I would have chosen another path and not become a writer. That\u2019s why, ever since I began writing, I\u2019ve always written about the suffering of the Vietnamese and how they lived during the war. But I also write about war in order to take a stand against war; writing about war is writing about peace \u2014 about reconciliation, love, joy, absolution and other humanistic ideas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

You\u2019ve written about your concern for the future of the next generation. How do you think things have turned out for the younger generations of Vietnam?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

My generation and the people who fought in the war have become part of history. Today\u2019s generation, most of them in their twenties, feel removed from their country\u2019s bloody wars of the last century. Whether they lead fulfilled lives depends on whether they can abandon my generation\u2019s way of thinking; my generation often tries to impose on them our worldview.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like all younger generations around our world, the Vietnamese who were born after the war \u2014 especially after 2000 \u2014 are completely different from my generation. Their literature and the way they express themselves through their art differs from my generation\u2019s way. Nobody can threaten them, tell them what to do or tell them how to act. They experience the world and live their lives on their own terms, and when they write about it \u2014 about these perceptions and experiences \u2014 they do so without being indoctrinated by a prescribed ideology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnamese writers and artists have expressed frustration with censorship in Vietnam. Do you think there is a lack of freedom of expression?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the second half of the 20th century, Vietnam was the epicenter of the Cold War. Its politics is informed and governed by communist ideology, and it is classified as a socialist country. In the past, literature was weaponized to fight the French and, later, the Americans. Literature was also an ideological weapon used against capitalist doctrines, and a means to promote communist ideals. So any literary text that deviated from that agenda was subject to censorship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When the Cold War ended, Vietnam initiated the Reform policy in 1986, which opened its doors to countries outside the communist bloc. Vietnamese literature and writers have been given more liberties since then.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the first story in \u201cHanoi at Midnight,\u201d you describe the impact of the chemical defoliant Agent Orange. What would you like readers to know about it?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The dioxin the Americans used in the war was \u2014 and still is \u2014 a weapon of genocide. Many Vietnamese from the generations following the war were adversely affected and killed by it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since Vietnam and the U.S. normalized diplomatic relations in 1995, the U.S. has tried to help Vietnam mitigate the devastating effects, but it will take several more years to achieve. Although we in the 21st century have tried to protect the ecological systems of our environment, our investment in this is minuscule compared to what we\u2019ve invested in warfare. To me, this is the most self-contradicting and repulsive, the most inhuman and absurd characteristic of our species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why are the Vietnamese people so friendly and welcoming to Americans, including soldiers who fought in the war?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November 2000, I saw President Bill Clinton and his wife walking in Hanoi, and they were warmly welcomed by thousands of Vietnamese people in the streets. Similarly, in 2018, President Obama and his wife were earnestly greeted by the Vietnamese in Saigon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From its birth over 2,000 years ago, and up until the closing decades of the 20th century, Vietnam has continuously defended itself against foreign invasion. All these invading nations were militarily superior to the Vietnamese. But every time Vietnam was invaded, the country suffered catastrophic consequences: the land was reduced to ashes and death lurked everywhere. After the end of each invasion, the Vietnamese people, in order to survive, not only had to work hard to rebuild their homes and communities, but also had to come to terms with the nightmares and recurring psychological trauma brought on by war. That meant we had to learn to quickly \u201cput the past behind.\u201d To achieve this goal, we needed to make peace with our former adversaries and hold no ill feelings toward them, because such antipathy can be toxic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How do you feel about Americans?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1998 and in 2005, I was invited to visit the U.S. by a group of American writers and poets who were Vietnam veterans. They took me to different states where I met several Americans and families of American veterans. Likewise, many American writers, journalists, tourists and veterans have visited me in Hanoi. Like other Vietnamese people, I\u2019ve developed a genuine kinship with Americans. In my interactions with them, I get the sense that most Americans are similar to common Vietnamese: sincere, friendly, generous; not pretentious or arrogant. I\u2019m pleased that diplomatic relations between the U.S. and Vietnam are improving every day, and that the two countries have respect for each other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the one hand, I\u2019m thrilled about seeing this mutual respect. But on the other hand, when I evoke the past, my heart still aches in sad ways \u2014 and that joy I feel doesn\u2019t erase the sorrow caused by the war more than half a century ago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What are your hopes for the future of Vietnam?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Everlasting peace. The end to war and the suffering war causes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nick Hilden writes about the arts, travel, tech and health for numerous publications. He wanders the world constantly, and you can stalk his latest travels via Instagram<\/a> or Twitter<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[The Washington Post] The acclaimed writer talks about his new story collection, \u2018Hanoi at Midnight,\u2019 and about changes in his country<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":88895,"featured_media":54484,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_vp_format_video_url":"","_vp_image_focal_point":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[2153],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nBao Ninh on coming to terms with trauma in Vietnam - DVAN<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dvan.org\/2023\/06\/bao-ninh-on-coming-to-terms-with-trauma-in-vietnam\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bao Ninh on coming to terms with trauma in Vietnam - DVAN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[The Washington Post] The acclaimed writer talks about his new story collection, \u2018Hanoi at Midnight,\u2019 and about changes in his country\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/dvan.org\/2023\/06\/bao-ninh-on-coming-to-terms-with-trauma-in-vietnam\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"DVAN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/DiasporicVietnameseArtistsNetwork\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-06-19T00:15:28+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-09-19T00:15:50+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/dvan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/bao-ninh-article.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"800\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"533\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yoshiko Ogino\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@dia_CRITICS\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@dia_CRITICS\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Yoshiko Ogino\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dvan.org\/2023\/06\/bao-ninh-on-coming-to-terms-with-trauma-in-vietnam\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dvan.org\/2023\/06\/bao-ninh-on-coming-to-terms-with-trauma-in-vietnam\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Yoshiko Ogino\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dvan.org\/#\/schema\/person\/9d596750f7b1124015db338cdae8f3b2\"},\"headline\":\"Bao Ninh on coming to terms with trauma in Vietnam\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-06-19T00:15:28+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-09-19T00:15:50+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dvan.org\/2023\/06\/bao-ninh-on-coming-to-terms-with-trauma-in-vietnam\/\"},\"wordCount\":1360,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dvan.org\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dvan.org\/2023\/06\/bao-ninh-on-coming-to-terms-with-trauma-in-vietnam\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/dvan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/bao-ninh-article.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Press\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dvan.org\/2023\/06\/bao-ninh-on-coming-to-terms-with-trauma-in-vietnam\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/dvan.org\/2023\/06\/bao-ninh-on-coming-to-terms-with-trauma-in-vietnam\/\",\"name\":\"Bao Ninh on coming to terms with trauma in Vietnam - 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